Board gender diversity and corporate environmental performance: the moderating role of family and dual class majority ownership structures

While prior work has investigated the impact of (a) ownership structure and (b) board gender diversity separately on corporate environmental performance, researchers have not studied the potentially important relationship between ownership control and female board diversity in influencing corporate environmental performance jointly. We do so in the context of majority ownership in family controlled and dual class firms whose motives and influence are theoretically different from that of the firm’s minority shareholders. Drawing on resource dependency, socio-emotional wealth theory, and secondary agency theory, we hypothesize that majority family owners and dual class owners likely choose women directors to help advance their personal preferences for environmental CSR. Our empirical tests utilizing 2755 US firmyears over the 2010-2015 show that, as hypothesized, these two majority ownership types interact with board gender diversity to positively influence corporate environmental performance.