Direct 4D printing of composite materials

The notion of 4D printing encompasses an expansion of 3D printing that incorporates the application of active material technology. In relation to the underlying concept of 4D printing, it is crucial to highlight that this technology entails the transformation of the form from a basic printed object to a more intricate one. This chapter focuses on the core concept of 4D printing using composite materials and discusses the methods of synthesizing composite materials directly through 4D printing. Within the synthesis techniques, the discussion revolves around 4D printing of polymer-based composites, metal-based composites, and ceramic-based composites. Furthermore, the subsequent sections of this chapter delve into the practical applications of these three distinct categories of materials through the approach of 4D printing.