This paper adopts an inter-industry analysis approach to compare the supply chain evolution of the railway and aircraft manufacturing industries, highlighting the fact that these industries are going through a period of enormous change involving the production system as a whole. In particular, the paper identifies the supply relationship evolution in both industries and analyses the vertical relationships, thus showing how the circulation of information and technology is a crucial factor for supply chain efficiency. These elements are addressed so that an interpretative framework may be developed to broaden understanding of the industry-specific factors that affect firms’ competitive strategies. The paper synthesises the results of a research program focused on the supply systems of the main Italian companies in the aircraft industry (Alenia Aeronautica) and in the railway industry (AnsaldoBreda).