Integrating IoT and circular economy in Textile supply chains: A closed-loop model for sustainable production using recycled PET and spent coffee grounds

The global textile industry is one of the most polluting and resource-intensive sectors, demanding urgent adoption of sustainable practices. To address this challenge the study proposes a closed-loop circular model for transforming textile supply chains by integrating advanced digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and value stream mapping, with sustainable material practices. Specifically, the study explores the utilization of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) in textile production to reduce reliance on virgin materials, decrease environmental impacts, and improve resource efficiency. A comprehensive methodological framework, including IoT-enabled real-time monitoring and LCA-based environmental assessments, was implemented in a case study conducted at a textile plant in Pakistan. Key findings include a 21.43 % reduction in lead time, a 30 % decrease in material waste, and a 25 % improvement in cycle time across production processes. Environmental benefits encompass significant reductions in carbon emissions (from 8000 to 7500 tons of CO2), water consumption (from 12,000 to 10,000 m3), and energy use (from 55,000 to 50,000 kWh). The integration of IoT sensors, circular economy principles, and digital visualization dashboards facilitated real-time tracking and optimization of waste and resource management. These outcomes highlight the potential of this approach to promote circular economy practices and align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on responsible consumption, climate action, and technological innovation.